Burns

What Are Burns?

Burns occur when heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation cause damage to the skin and underlying tissue. Depending on their severity, burns can range from mild redness to deep tissue destruction.

While minor burns typically heal on their own, more serious burns can lead to complications such as infection, scarring or fluid loss. Understanding the different types of burns and how to treat them properly is key to protecting your skin and promoting healing.

At-home care can be effective for small burns, but immediate medical attention is crucial for severe or widespread injuries.

What Causes Burns?

Burns can happen suddenly and in a variety of situations. The source of the burn determines both the severity and the best course of treatment.

Common Causes Include:

• Thermal burns: Caused by direct contact with flames, hot liquids, steam or heated objects.
• Chemical burns: From exposure to harsh substances such as acids, bleach or cleaning products.
• Electrical burns: Resulting from contact with live electrical currents or lightning.
• Radiation burns: Often due to overexposure to sunlight (UV rays) or radiation therapy.

Even brief exposure to extreme heat or chemicals can cause damage, making prevention and quick treatment essential.

Burns are categorized by how deeply they penetrate the skin:

• First-degree burns: Affect only the outer layer of skin, also called the epidermis. They cause redness, mild swelling and pain and are similar to a mild sunburn.
• Second-degree burns: Affect both the outer and underlying layer (dermis). These burns often result in painful blisters accompanied by significant swelling.
• Third-degree burns: Extend through all layers of skin, sometimes reaching fat, muscle or bone. The area may look white, blackened or charred, and may not be painful due to nerve damage.

Signs and Symptoms of Burns

Symptoms depend on the burn’s type and severity but may include:

• Redness or discoloration of the skin
• Pain or tenderness at the site of injury
• Swelling or blistering
• Peeling or charring of the skin
• Fluid leakage or oozing from open wounds
• Shock symptoms in severe cases, such as weakness, fainting or shallow breathing

If the burn appears severe, takes up a large portion of skin or involves sensitive areas like the face, hands, feet or genitals, contact emergency services immediately.

How Are Burns Diagnosed?

Health care providers diagnose burns by evaluating the extent, depth and location of the injury.

A health care provider may:

• Inspect the burn area to determine its degree and size (measured by body surface area).
• Ask about the cause of the burn (e.g., chemical, thermal or electrical).
• Assess symptoms such as pain level, blistering and color changes.
• Order lab tests or imaging for severe burns to check for internal damage or infection.

Early diagnosis helps guide treatment, reduce complications and promote faster healing.

How to Treat Burns

Treatment depends on the severity of the burn.

First-Degree Burns (Mild)

• Cool the area: Run under cool, not cold, water for 10–15 minutes or apply a clean, cool compress.
• Protect the skin: Apply an unscented moisturizer or aloe vera gel.
• Pain relief: Use over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
• Avoid ice or butter: These can worsen damage or trap heat.

Second-Degree Burns (Moderate)

• Clean gently: Rinse with cool water and use mild soap if needed.
• Do not pop blisters: This increases infection risk.
• Cover lightly: Use a sterile, nonstick bandage and change it daily.
• Seek medical attention if the burn is large or located on sensitive areas.

Third-Degree Burns (Severe)

• Call 911 immediately.
• Do not remove burned clothing that is stuck to the skin.
• Cover the area with a clean, dry cloth or sheet.
• Do not apply ointments, water or ice.
• Treatment may include IV fluids, antibiotics, pain management and in some cases, skin grafts or surgery to promote healing.

 

How to Reduce the Risk of Burns

Many burns can be avoided with simple safety practices at home and outdoors.

Helpful Prevention Tips:

• Use caution around heat sources: Keep hot liquids, stoves and irons out of children’s reach.
• Set water heater temperatures below 120°F (49°C) to prevent scalds.
• Install smoke detectors and test them regularly.
• Practice sun safety: Apply sunscreen daily and wear protective clothing outdoors.
• Store chemicals properly: Use gloves and safety gear when handling cleaning products or fuels.
• Use electrical safety measures: Avoid overloading outlets or using damaged cords.

If you experience a burn that is deep, large or shows signs of infection such as redness, pus or fever, seek medical care promptly. Early treatment can reduce pain, prevent scarring and lower the risk of complications.

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If you’re wondering where the best place is to get care, please see our guide below:

If your problem is life- or limb-threatening, call 911 or go to the emergency room.

Primary Care – Schedule through MyChart or call your provider’s office who you go to for most health care needs.

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