Types of Meningitis and How They Differ
Bacterial Meningitis
Immediate treatment is crucial for bacterial meningitis, a life-threatening condition typically caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, or Hib. This type of meningitis spreads through close contact, such as coughing, kissing or sharing utensils.
Symptoms often appear suddenly and may include:
- High fever
- Severe headache
- Stiff neck
- Nausea and vomiting
- Sensitivity to light
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Seizures
In babies, signs may include a bulging soft spot on the head, constant crying or difficulty feeding.
Treatment involves antibiotics given through an IV in the hospital. Corticosteroids may also be used to reduce brain swelling.
Prevention:
Vaccines are the most effective way to prevent bacterial meningitis.
Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY):
- First dose: At age 11 or 12
- Booster dose: At age 16
- Protects against serogroups A, C, W and Y of Neisseria meningitidis
Why it's important: Teens and young adults are at higher risk, especially those living in group settings like college dorms or military barracks.
Meningococcal B Vaccine (MenB):
- Recommended for ages 16–18 (preferably around 16–17 years)
- Two-dose or three-dose series depending on the brand used
- Not routinely recommended for everyone—typically given based on shared clinical decision-making with a health care provider.
Why it’s different: Protects against serogroup B, which is not covered by the MenACWY vaccine.
Viral Meningitis
Compared to bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis is more widespread and usually results in less severe symptoms. It is often caused by enteroviruses, but other viruses like herpes simplex, mumps or West Nile virus can also be responsible. It spreads in ways similar to bacterial meningitis, such as through saliva, mucus or close contact.
Symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Stiff neck
- Fatigue
- Sensitivity to light
Most people recover within a week to 10 days with treatment that includes rest, fluids and medications to relieve pain and fever. People with weakened immune systems or severe symptoms may need to be hospitalized.
Fungal Meningitis
Fungal meningitis is uncommon and primarily occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems. It can be caused by fungi such as Cryptococcus, found in soil or bird droppings. This type of meningitis is not contagious.
Symptoms may develop slowly and include:
- Headache
- Fever
- Nausea
- Stiff neck
- Sensitivity to light
Treatment involves antifungal medications, often given over a long period of time. Early diagnosis is important to prevent serious complications.
Parasitic Meningitis
Parasitic meningitis is extremely rare and can be caused by parasites found in contaminated food, water or soil. One of the most well-known types is primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by the Naegleria fowleri amoeba found in warm freshwater.
Symptoms are similar to other forms of meningitis but progress quickly. This condition is often fatal, and treatment options are limited. Prevention focuses on avoiding warm, untreated water sources.
