Joint Sprains (Ligament Injuries)

What Is a Sprain?

A sprain is an injury to a ligament, the strong band of tissue that connects bones and helps stabilize joints. Sprains happen when a joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion, causing the ligament to stretch or tear.

Sprains can affect any joint, but the most common are:

• Ankle sprains, often caused by rolling or twisting the ankle
• Knee sprains, which may occur during sports or sudden changes in direction
• Wrist sprains, typically caused by falling onto an outstretched hand

Sprains can range from mild stretching of the ligament to more serious tears. The severity of the sprain affects both symptoms and recovery time.

What Causes a Sprain to Occur?

Joint sprains usually occur when a joint is suddenly twisted, turned or impacted.

Common causes include:

• Falls: Landing awkwardly can lead to a sprained ankle or wrist sprain.
  
• Sports injuries: Activities that involve jumping, pivoting or contact can increase the
  risk of knee and ankle sprains.
  
• Sudden movements: Quick changes in direction or uneven surfaces can cause a joint to twist.
  
• Overuse or repeated stress: Repeated strain on a joint may weaken ligaments over time.
  
• Improper footwear or poor support: Lack of proper support can increase the risk of ankle sprains.

Some people may be more prone to sprains if they have had previous injuries or weak joint support.

Signs and Symptoms of a Joint Sprain

Sprain symptoms can vary depending on how severe the ligament injury is.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain around the joint
• Swelling and inflammation
• Bruising or discoloration
• Limited range of motion
• Feeling of instability in the joint
• Tenderness when touched

In more severe sprains, it may be difficult or impossible to put weight on the affected joint.

How Is a Joint Sprain Diagnosed?

A joint sprain is diagnosed through a physical exam and, in some cases, imaging tests.

Diagnostic steps may include:

Medical history and exam
A healthcare provider will ask how the injury happened and examine the joint for swelling, stability and movement.

Imaging tests

• X-rays may be used to rule out a fracture
  
• MRI may be recommended to evaluate ligament damage in more serious cases

Diagnosis helps determine whether the injury is a mild sprain or a more severe ligament tear.

How Is a Joint Sprain Treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the sprain and the joint involved.

At-Home Care (RICE Method)

Many mild sprains can be treated at home using the RICE method for sprains:

• Rest – Avoid using the injured joint
  
• Ice – Apply ice packs to reduce swelling
  
• Compression – Use a wrap or brace for support
  
• Elevation – Raise the joint above heart level when possible

Medications

• Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling

Medical Treatment

For moderate to severe sprains, treatment may include:

• Bracing or splinting to stabilize the joint
• Physical therapy to restore strength and movement
• In rare cases, surgery for severe ligament tears

Recovery Time

Many sprains heal within a few weeks, but more severe injuries may take several weeks to a few months to fully recover.

How to Reduce the Risk of Joint Sprains

While not all sprains can be prevented, certain steps can lower your risk.

Helpful prevention tips include:

• Warming up before physical activity
• Wearing supportive footwear
• Strengthening muscles around joints
• Practicing balance and coordination exercises
• Using proper technique during sports

Taking care of your joints can help reduce the risk of future sprains.

Joint sprains are common injuries that often improve with proper care. However, severe pain, ongoing swelling or joint instability may require medical evaluation.

Seek care if you experience:

• Inability to bear weight on a joint
• Severe swelling or bruising
• Joint instability or weakness
• Symptoms that do not improve after a few days

If you think you may have a sprained ankle, knee sprain or other ligament injury, a health care provider can help diagnose the injury and recommend the best treatment plan.

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If you’re wondering where the best place is to get care, please see our guide below:

If your problem is life- or limb-threatening, call 911 or go to the emergency room.

Primary Care – Schedule through MyChart or call your provider’s office who you go to for most health care needs.

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If you’re not sure, call Riverside Nurse 24/7 at 1-800-675-6368.